Reactance theory grew out of research on consumer behavior. This psychological theory describes how people react when they sense a threat to their freedom of choice. The theory extends to many other ...

This mechanism is present in all human beings, but it manifests itself with greater or lesser intensity depending on factors such as the individual’s perception of freedom, the importance given to ...

Research on the participatory consequences of electoral reforms that increase voting costs largely ignores how the perception that those efforts’ purpose is to disenfranchise certain individuals may ...